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43 Continued from front page. its critics (Domhoff, 2003). In fact, this
theory explains dreams which go on
inside REM sleep, not NREM sleep.
...World of Dream Moreover, many neuropsychologists
state that dreams reflect people’s desires
and aims. Also, they believe that some
dreams are story-like. Furthermore,
many people claim that their dreams
The Freudian approach to dreaming, concerns of waking life, such as have predicted their future; however,
explains dreams as unconscious wishes. concerns over relationships, work, sex, there is no scientific proof that dreams
Sigmund Freud was one of the first or health (Cartwright, 1977; Hall, 1953 can predict and foretell the future.
Finally, most psychologists believe
a, b). According to the problem solving
psychological theorists. He stated that in
1389 دی 17 هعمج - 1116 هرامش / هیجدهی لاس mostly violent or sexual. All dreams, true meaning. This view is supported Like the problem solving approach, the remain to be tested. However, today,
that because the cognitive approach
dreams, people express their unconscious
approach, the symbols in a dream convey
to dreaming is new, its claims should
wishes, motives, and conflicts which are
it. Therefore, they do not disguise its
this approach is a principal contender
by findings that dreams are more likely
stated Freud, have meaningful messages
because it includes many elements of
which may have manifest and latent
to contain material related to a person’s
other approaches (Wade et al. 170).
current concern (Domhoff, 1996).
content. “The aspect of dream that we
cognitive approach to dreaming focuses
It seems that different kinds of dreams
For instance, test- anxiety dreams are
on current concerns (Wade et al. 168).
consciously experience during sleep” is
have different kinds of purposes and
In this explanation, dreaming is only a
manifest content, which we recall after
common in many students: “the dreamer
origins. However, we do not have
waking. The hidden latent content is
is unprepared for or unable to finish an
modification of our thinking. According
enough knowledge about all kinds of
exam, or shows up for the wrong exam,
“[our] unconscious wishes and thoughts
to this view, we construct simulations of
being expressed symbolically” (Freud,
dreamers are conscious in their dreams.
1900/1953)
draw] on the same kind of the memories,
is being given” (Halliday,1993;Van de
Moreover, there are some people
knowledge, metaphors, and assumptions
Castle, 1994).
According to Freud, most images in
who have experienced special inward
According to the problem-focused
about the world that we do when we’re
dreams are symbolic. He stated that or can’t find the room where the exam our waking world during dreaming. “[we dreams such as lucid dream, which
our unconscious thoughts are translated approach, distressing experiences can not sleeping” (Antrobus, 1991, 2000; experiences during sleeping, such as
and disguised by our brain as symbolic also influence dreams. For example, in a Domhoff, 2003; Foulkes, 1999). out-of-body experiences (OBEs) or
images. Moreover, a person or object study, Palestinian children reported more Therefore, our dreams include our daily Near-death experiences. However, many
may present by another or different violence in their dreams than did Finnish thoughts, assumptions, or concepts which psychologists are uncertain about these
character or object. He claimed that each children living in peaceful environments are not always problems. Moreover, the inward experiences.
dream had to be analyzed in the context (Punamaeki & Joustie, 1998). Some brain works in dreaming as it works in Nevertheless, there are few studies
of the dreamer’s waking life, as well as researchers of this view claim that dreams awakening. explaining these inward experiences.
the person’s associations to the dreams’ provide an opportunity for resolving In the cognitive approach, dreams should According to the teaching of Iliya
content (Wade et al. 167-68). problems (Barrett, 2001; Cartwright, change as our other cognitive abilities “Mim”, in the art of dreaming in
The problem solving approach to 1996). For example, depressed people’s change and mature during childhood. Elahism, dreams are described in three
dreaming explains dreams as efforts dreams often predict recovery so are less According to this view, infants’ dreams areas: common dreams, special dreams,
to deal with problems. In this view, negative and more positive (Cartwright are different from adult’s dreams, or how and mysterious dreams. In this essay, the
first area relating to people’s common
young children experience images during
dreams reflect the ongoing, conscious
et al., 1998).
In touch with Iranian diversity dreaming. “[Their] cognitive limitations dreams is explained. The other two
areas, can describe special experiences
keep them from creating true narrative
until age seven or eight” (Foulkes, 1999). during sleeping. For example, some
But as they become older, their dreams dreams occur when a dreamer directly
become more story-like. goes from a normal waking state into a
www.northshorelaw.com Furthermore, the activation-synthesis dream state, and he or she is conscious
during dreaming. Moreover, in this view,
theory explains dreams as “Interpreted
Brain Activity” (Wade et al. 170). dreams have many benefits for people.
The activation-synthesis theory is For instance, dreams can be as a precious
Lawyers ICBC a physiological approach in which way to creativity, success, and cure (Iliya
Mim, web).
dreams are the result of neurons firing
604 - 982 - 4051 Claims - - spontaneously in the lower part of the In conclusion, everybody has
experienced different dreams which have
brain, in the pons, during REM sleep
(Hobson, 1990). According to this theory, different purposes and origins. Dreams
brain mechanism causes dreaming. The are mostly about people’s daily concerns
and conflicts. They may be vivid or
Vol. 18 / No. 1116 - Friday, Jan. 7, 2011 .
   
does during wakefulness. For example, have analyzed some kinds of dreams,
signals originating in the pons have no
incoherent, or anxiety or depressed
psychological meaning, but the cortex
dreams. Although some psychologists
tries to interpret them as the cortex

most of them are uncertain about the
the cortex may generate a dream about
dream world. Also, in these modern
falling when neurons fire in the part of
times, most people are not able to use
the brain that handles balance (Wade et

their dream’s potential power. However,
al. 170).
many people will reap the advantages of
In short, all four approaches have some
their dreams in the future.
evidence to support their ideas, but
all of them have drawbacks. Today,
Freudian notion is accepted by many
“Dreams.”Ostad Iliya. Web. 25 Nov.
psychologists. They believe that dreams
2010. < http://www.ostad-iliya.org/
have psychological meaning and are more References
Kamil Lotfali, lawyer than the brain’s interpretation. However, Dream/2246/ >, <http://www.ostad-
most psychologist state that there is not iliya.org/En/>.
a really reliable way to interpret dreams “Dream.” Wikipedia, the Free
ﻰﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻝﺎﺳ ٣٠ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ " ﻻ ﺭﻮﺷ ﺕﺭﻮﻧ " ﻰﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ -
correctly, and many popular books Encyclopedia. Web. 25 Nov. 2010
about dream’s interpretation are mostly <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream>.
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ یﺩﺰﻤﺘﺳﺩ ، ﻢﻴﺋﺎﻤﻨﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ICBC ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻤﺷ ﺕﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﺎﺗ - pseudoscience. Wade, Carole, et al. Psychology.
Moreover, most psychologists believe 3rd Canadian ed. Toronto: Pearson
ICBC ﺯﺍ ﻰﻟﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻰﻧﺎﺟ ﺕﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ - that some dreams are related to people’s Education Canada, 2010.
current concerns, but it is doubtful Print.
43 NORTH SHORE LAW LLP that people can solve their problems or “Wiki: Dream." Wapedia. Web. 25
Nov. 2010. <http://wapedia.mobi/en/
6th Floor, 171 West Esplanade, North Vancouver, B.C. conflicts during dreaming (Blagrve, Dream?p=2>.
1996; Squier & Domhoff, 1998).
klotfali@northshorelaw.com The activation-synthesis theory has also