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1424
	ur. się Władysław III Warneńczyk, zm. 1444, Król Polski i Węgier jako Władysław I. Starszy syn Władysława Jagiełły i Zofii Holsztańskiej.
	In the annals of history, every passing year brings forth significant events that shape the world we live in. The year 1424 is no exception, as it witnessed a series of remarkable occurrences that influenced politics, science, and culture. Let us delve into the happenings of this eventful year and understand their significance. One of the most notable events of 1424 was the Council of Pavia-Siena, a meeting of church representatives aimed at resolving the Western Schism. This schism, which had plagued the Catholic Church for nearly 40 years, divided Europe as rival popes and cardinals vied for power. The council, held in Italy, led to the restoration of unity within the Catholic Church under the sole authority of Pope Martin V. This decision played an integral role in stabilizing the religious landscape and reaffirming the papacy's dominance. Meanwhile, in another part of the world, the Yongle Emperor of Ming China unveiled an ambitious project that would shape the region's history for years to come. The completion of the renowned Forbidden City in 1424 marked the relocation of the imperial capital to Beijing, solidifying the Ming dynasty's rule. Serving as the palace complex for 24 emperors, this architectural masterpiece exemplifies the grandeur and artistic achievements of the Ming era. Scientific progress was not left behind in 1424, as Johannes de Gmunden, an Austrian astronomer, revolutionized the field of celestial mapping. Gmunden's catalog of fixed stars, known as the Ephemerides coelestium motuum, provided accurate and detailed information on the positions of stars and planets. This groundbreaking work paved the way for future astronomers and navigators, aiding in their quests to explore the mysteries of the universe. Furthermore, the cultural landscape experienced significant shifts in 1424. Italy, already renowned for its artistic prowess, witnessed the birth of Western classical music's influential figure, Johannes Ockeghem. This Flemish composer would go on to leave an indelible mark on Renaissance music through his ingenious compositions and as a revered teacher of later giants such as Josquin des Prez. Ockeghem's work exemplified the evolving musical landscape of the time, with its intricate polyphonic textures and use of harmonic innovations. While these events may seem disparate, they all highlight the multifaceted nature of human history. The Council of Pavia-Siena restored religious unity, the completion of the Forbidden City represented imperial power, Gmunden's celestial mapping advanced scientific knowledge, and Ockeghem's musical talent contributed to cultural development. It is crucial to remember that history is not a linear narrative but a tapestry woven with various threads. Each year, like 1424, brings forth its own set of significant occurrences that, when collectively examined, offer insights into the complex mosaic of human existence. By understanding these events, we gain a deeper appreciation for the chain of events that led us to our present reality.



1474
	The Senate of the Republic of Venice enacts the Venetian Patent Statute, one of the earliest patent systems in the world. New and inventive devices, once put into practice, have to be communicated to the Republic to obtain the right to prevent others from using them. This is considered the first modern patent system.
	born saint Juan Diego, died 1548 - from Mexico. He have been granted apparitions of the Virgin Mary of Guadalupe.
	Significant Events of the Year 1474: Marking an Era of Discovery and Change The year 1474, nestled within the late 15th century, was a time of great transition and innovation in various sectors across the globe. These twelve months witnessed significant events that left an indelible mark on history, shaping the course of civilization for years to come. From groundbreaking discoveries in science to political shifts and cultural advancements, here are some of the key moments that made 1474 a significant year. 1. The Pazzi Conspiracy: One of the most infamous events of 1474 was the failed attempt to overthrow the ruling Medici family in Florence, known as the Pazzi Conspiracy. Led by Francesco de' Pazzi and Pope Sixtus IV, this botched coup resulted in the assassination of Giuliano de' Medici during a church service. Although the conspiracy ultimately failed, it marked a turning point in Florentine history, further consolidating the Medici family's power and influence. 2. The First English Book Printed: 1474 is hailed as a milestone year in the history of literature, as it marked the publishing of the first book in the English language. Named "The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye," it was a translation of the French romance novel by Raoul Lefevre, translated into English by William Caxton. This revolutionary achievement paved the way for the spread of knowledge and the democratization of literature. 3. Johannes Müller's Birth: In this remarkable year, the world welcomed a visionary who would revolutionize the world of science and astronomy. Johannes Müller, later known as Regiomontanus, was born in Germany. He would go on to become one of the leading astronomers and mathematicians of his time. His extensive contributions to trigonometry, calculus, and observational astronomy set the stage for later scientific breakthroughs. 4. Expansion of the Timurid Empire: 1474 witnessed the expansion of the Timurid Empire, a powerful dynasty that held sway over large parts of Central Asia, Persia, and Afghanistan. This year marked Sultan Abu Said's capture of Herat, a strategically significant city in present-day Afghanistan, further solidifying the Timurid Empire's control over the region. 5. The Birth of Elizabeth of York: On February 11, 1474, Elizabeth of York, daughter of the House of York and future queen of England, was born. Her marriage to Henry VII in 1486 would mark the end of the Wars of the Roses, uniting the warring houses of Lancaster and York and heralding the Tudor dynasty, which would shape the history of England for generations. 6. Exploration of the African Coast: Portuguese explorers embarked on their quest to discover new maritime routes and establish trade networks with Africa and the East. In 1474, Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, embarked on a journey down the west coast of Africa, uncovering new territories and pushing the boundaries of European knowledge of the continent. The year 1474 may be seen as a turning point, a bridge between the tumultuous Middle Ages and the dawning of the Renaissance. These events mark the beginning of a new era—a time of exploration, innovation, and significant changes that would shape the world for centuries to come.


1524
	died saint Camilla Battista da Varano died Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer of Africa and India born Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England.
	The year 1524 marked several significant events that had a profound impact on history, ranging from exploration and colonization to religious and societal transformations. This period was part of the early modern era when Europe was undergoing significant changes, setting the stage for future developments. One of the most significant events of 1524 was the ill-fated expedition of Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer sailing under the French flag. Verrazzano set sail with the aim of finding a western water route to Asia. Instead, he stumbled upon the North American continent, particularly the lands that would later become North Carolina and New York. This expedition opened the door for future European exploration and colonization of the New World. Another significant event of 1524 was the Peasants' War, which unfolded in the Holy Roman Empire. This conflict was triggered by socio-economic tensions and simmering discontent among the lower classes. Peasants, inspired by various religious and societal changes happening at the time, rebelled against the feudal lords and aristocracy, demanding better working conditions and rights. The war spread across Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, but was ultimately suppressed by the ruling classes, leading to severe reprisals against the peasant population. In the realm of religion, the year 1524 saw the spread of radical theological movements. Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation, which had ignited in 1517, continued to gain momentum. The ideas of Luther and other reformers challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and paved the way for the establishment of new Protestant denominations. The increasing fragmentation of Christianity would lead to significant religious conflicts in the following centuries. In the field of literature, one of the most influential works was published in 1524. "The Courtier" by Baldassare Castiglione offered an elegant and influential guide on courtly manners and behavior. Considered a manual on the ideal gentleman, the book would have a lasting impact on European court culture and etiquette, shaping the behavior of aristocrats across the continent. This year also witnessed political developments, such as the Siege of Marseille. The French forces, under the command of King Francis I, laid siege to the city of Marseille, which was controlled by the Holy Roman Empire. This conflict was part of the larger Habsburg-Valois Wars, a series of conflicts between France and the Holy Roman Empire for control over territories in Italy and Europe. Lastly, this period witnessed remarkable advancements in art and science. The Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci, known for his contributions to various fields, passed away in 1524. His legacy as an artist, scientist, and inventor continued to influence generations to come. Overall, the events of 1524 were prominent markers in various realms – exploration, religion, literature, politics, and art – that shaped history for years to come. This year served as a transitional period from the medieval era to the early modern era, laying the groundwork for future transformations and developments that would shape the world as we know it today.



1574
	born Mikołaj Łęczycki, died 1653 - converted from Calvinism. Jesuit
	Title: Exploring the Significance of the Year 1574: A Glimpse into History Introduction: History has always fascinated mankind, allowing us to understand how the events of the past continue to shape our present. Among the countless years that have passed, the year 1574 stands as a significant time period, filled with noteworthy events that influence various aspects of civilization. Let us embark on a journey to explore the significance of this remarkable year. 1. The Siege of Leiden: An Occurrence that Defined Resistance In 1574, the city of Leiden in the Netherlands was subject to a grueling siege by Spanish forces during the Eighty Years' War. This event proved to be a turning point in Dutch history, as the valiant inhabitants, led by William the Silent, successfully resisted the besiegers for months. Withstanding famine and foe, Leiden's liberation on October 3, 1574, symbolized the Dutch struggle for independence and marked the beginning of the end of Spanish dominance in the region. 2. The Death of Michelangelo: The End of an Era 1574 witnessed the unfortunate passing of Michelangelo Buonarroti, one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance. Known for his contributions to various artistic fields, including painting, sculpture, and architecture, Michelangelo's death marked the end of an extraordinary era in the arts. The legacy left behind by this towering figure continues to inspire artists and art enthusiasts worldwide even to this day. 3. The Birth of William Oughtred: The Father of Modern Slide Rules Born in the year 1574, William Oughtred, an English mathematician and astronomer, would go on to invent the 'slide rule.' This revolutionary tool allowed for complex computations without the need for time-consuming calculations. Oughtred's invention, though seemingly archaic now in the age of computers, marked a significant milestone in the development of mathematical instruments and played an integral role in scientific advancement for over three centuries. 4. The Construction of Dublin Castle: A Symbol of Power In the year 1574, construction began on the iconic Dublin Castle in Ireland. This architectural marvel stood as the seat of British royal power in the country for over seven centuries. Serving as a center for administration, governmental control, and representative authority, Dublin Castle became synonymous with British rule and Ireland's long-standing struggle for independence. Its historical significance continues to resonate in current political discussions. 5. Johannes Kepler: Astronomical Achievements 1574 marked the birth of Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer and mathematician who played a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of the universe. Kepler's groundbreaking work and discovery of his three laws of planetary motion helped lay the foundation of modern physics and astronomy, challenging traditional assumptions and revolutionizing our understanding of celestial mechanics. His contributions paved the way for future explorations and scientific breakthroughs. Conclusion: The year 1574 witnessed multiple significant events across diverse domains, including warfare, arts, mathematics, architecture, and astronomy. These notable occurrences, such as the Siege of Leiden, the death of Michelangelo, the birth of William Oughtred, the construction of Dublin Castle, and the birth of Johannes Kepler, continue to shape our understanding of history, science, and art. Looking back at this eventful year provides us with valuable insights into the struggles, milestones, and achievements that have helped shape the world we inhabit today.