# Audio Tracks

From Audacity Development Manual
Each audio track containing digital audio contains from left to right:

- a Track Control Panel with Audio Track Dropdown Menu for changing View Mode and audio properties of that individual track
- a Vertical Scale with units
- a visual representation of the audio waveform.

New tracks are created whenever you import an audio file, record (except for generate audio when there is no selection. Tracks > Add New lets you explicitly add a new, empty mono or stereo audio track.

## Contents

1. About Tracks
2. Stereo Audio Track
3. Single Audio Track (Mono, Left or Right)
4. Clips
5. Track Control Panel
6. Vertical Scale
7. Show audio track name as overlay
8. Splitting and Joining Tracks
9. Changing the track display
10. Track focus
11. Working with Audio Tracks

## About Tracks

A track is like one instrument in your symphony, or one voice in your podcast. You can add more tracks, and all of them will be mixed together to create your final output, but during editing you can manipulate each track independently. If you have an interview recorded with two microphones, each one can go in a separate track. If you have background music, that could go in a third track.

On each track, you can have several clips. A clip is a piece of continuous audio, for example a recording or a background song. Clips can be moved along the Timeline so that they play at a different point in time in the mix, as well dragged between tracks.

## Stereo Audio Track

The image below shows the separate components of an Audacity stereo track: the Track Control Panel with Audio Track Dropdown Menu, the Vertical Scale and the Waveform Display itself, typical of a finally edited recording. As per convention, the upper waveform and vertical scale represent the left channel and the lower waveform and vertical scale represent the right channel. The dark blue part of the waveform displays the tallest peak and the light blue part of the waveform displays the average RMS (Root Mean Square) value of the audio, see The waveform colors for more detail.

See Audacity Waveform for further details of the Waveform and alternative Waveform (dB) View Mode (chosen using the Track Dropdown Menu). Spectrogram views can be chosen from the same menu.

- To change the default View Mode that all tracks show when created, use Tracks Preferences.

In a stereo track, all editing actions on the track are applied identically to both channels, though some effects may treat each channel differently. For exaample, Effect > Amplify... and by default Effect > Normalize... set the peak amplitude of only the loudest channel then apply the same change in amplitude to the other channel, preserving the balance between channels. Normalize has an option to normalize left and right channels independently to the same amplitude if this is required. See Amplify and Normalize for more details.

## Single Audio Track (Mono, Left or Right)

A single audio track has the same components as a stereo track with a single waveform and one vertical scale rather than two. This can be easily seen if using "Split Stereo Track" in the Track Dropdown Menu to split the stereo track into two single tracks. The same menu can make single tracks mono, left or right. Each single track can be separately selected and thus edited independently from other tracks.

## Clips

  | Clips live within tracks. You can recognize where a clip starts and ends by the rounded top corners. The clip handle bar includes the clip name, the clip body includes the waveform. You can move the clip around by its handle, and right-click it to access more options. More detailled information on clips can be found in the Audio Tracks and Clips page.

## Track Control Panel

  | The Track Control Panel at the left of the audio track has controls and status indicators for this track. Left-clicking other than on a control performs track selection and move as follows. Clicking the Select button selects all this track's audio, deselecting all other tracks. Holding Shift while clicking the Select button selects all this track's audio, keeping already selected tracks selected. keyboard: use Up or Down to give the track focus, then Enter to select it; hold Shift then use Up or Down to extend selection into another track. Read keyboard selection for more. Click-and-drag moves this track up or down when there are other tracks (keyboard: choose one of the "Move Track" commands in Audio Track Dropdown Menu, opened by Shift + M on the currently focused track ).

### Controls

Close Button:

  Clicking this button will close the track, removing it from the project.

Audio Track Dropdown Menu:

  Clicking the track name or using Shift + M on the currently focused track opens the Audio Track Dropdown Menu giving options that affect this track only. Newly created tracks are named "Audio Track". Options in the dropdown menu include changing the name or sample rate, how the track is displayed, splitting a stereo track to single left, right or mono tracks, swapping stereo channels and changing track color.

Mute Button:

  Click to silence this track when playing. Click again to unsilence.

Solo Button:

  Click to play just this track. Click again to release the button. Whenever playing audio, Solo takes precedence over Mute by default - the Mute buttons have no effect whilst any Solo button is down. There are two other options for Solo button behavior in the Tracks Behaviors Preferences. One of these is to remove the Solo button, leaving only a Mute button. The other is more complex suitable for people used to mixing desks, enabling multiple tracks to be "soloed" simultaneously.

Please be aware that when using Export or Export Multiple Audacity will only export tracks that are not grayed-out by use of the Mute or Solo buttons in the tracks' Track Control Panels. So what you hear by previewing with playback prior to export is what you will get in the Exported audio file.

- When using Export Selected Audio, however, Audacity will Export the selection from all selected tracks even if some if those tracks are grayed-out and inaudible on playback.

| Keyboard shortcuts: Shift+U toggles muting on the currently focused track which has the yellow border, and Shift + S toggles soloing. The solo shortcut works even if you hide the Solo button.

Gain Slider:

  Set the gain for this track. Hold down the shift key while dragging to adjust the slider in finer increments. Double-click the slider to bring up a window where you can make precise adjustments or enter a gain value.

Pan Slider:

  To make signal stronger on left or right speaker/earphone. Hold down the shift key while dragging to adjust the slider in finer increments. Double-click the slider to bring up a window where you can make precise adjustments or enter a pan value.

Track Collapse and Select Buttons:

  Click on the black triangle to make the track 'fold up' into a smaller size. Click again, or drag the lower edge of the track to restore the size.
          Click on the Select button to select the whole track.

### Status Indicators

- Track Information Area:

  Gives the following information for each track:
  - Stereo or Mono
  - The sample rate in Hz
  - The sample format or bit depth. An imported file will show the bit depth at which the file was imported (as per your choice in Quality Preferences), not the actual bit depth of the file.

- Sync-Lock Indicator:

  When present (at bottom-right of the Track Control Panel, adjacent to the Track Collapse button), indicates that this track is part of a Sync-Locked Track Group.

## Vertical Scale

  | The vertical scale displays amplitude when showing the waveform, or frequency when showing the spectrum or pitch. The amplitude scale shown to left is the default linear scale 1.0 being the maximum value of positive signals and -1.0 the maximum of negative signals.

### Vertical Scale context menu

Right-click in the Vertical Scale will bring up a dropdown context menu enabling Vertical Zooming and facilitating swapping between Linear Waveform (default) and Waveform dB view.

If the display is changed to Waveform dB, the scale shows dB values for positive signals only

These dB values range from maximum 0 dB to the minimum dB level set in Interface Preferences, or can be varied using the mouse wheel.

## Show audio track name as overlay

This is not on by default but if you go to View > Track Name or Tracks Preferences you can enable this option.

When this is enabled the audio track name is displayed superimposed translucently (thus enabling the waveform to also be visible) at top left of all audio tracks.

The track name is always shown in the Track Control Panel but will be truncated if the name is too long to fit.

## Splitting and Joining Tracks

Using the Audio Track Dropdown Menu you can:

- split a stereo track into separate tracks for left and right channels
- split a stereo track into two separate mono tracks
- swap the channels in a stereo track
- join two mono, left or right tracks into one stereo track.

For example, here is a project with two mono tracks:

After selecting "Make Stereo Track" from the Track Dropdown Menu on the upper track we get one stereo track:

For more information please see Splitting and Joining Stereo Tracks.

## Changing the track display

Click and drag between the two waveforms to change their relative height (Esc key can abort that drag).

### Changing the height of the channels in a stereo track

Click and drag in the gray strip between the channels.

To restore a track to default so that each channel is the same size simply double-click in the gray strip between the channels.

### Changing the height of a track

Click and drag between the tracks (Esc key can abort that drag).

### Arrows at the start of the track

This indicates that there is audio data in the track before the track start.

By default you cannot see such audio that is before zero, but if you turn on Enable scrolling left of zero in Tracks Behaviors Preferences you will be able to scroll to make it visible.

### Stem Plots

There is an entry in the Tracks Preferences for Display samples. This setting changes how Waveform and Waveform dB views are displayed. It only affects the appearance of the waveform when you are so far zoomed in that you can see the individual sample dots. At lower zoom levels it makes no difference.

- Stem plot: This is the default setting which draws a vertical line from the track center line to the sample dot, giving a clearer impression of the relative amplitude of the samples. As seen in the images below, when zoomed out close to the minimum for a stem plot, the horizontal distance between sample dots may be more uneven than seen with the connect dots default.
- Connect dots: This is alternative setting yields a waveform where each sample dot is connected to the next sample by a line drawn between them. default.

Uneven spacing is due to "aliasing", but zooming in further will equalize the spacing whether choosing Connect dots or Stem plot.

### Waveform (dB) view

The waveform view can be switched to a dB logarithmic view by right-clicking on the track's Vertical Scale and selecting "dB" from the dropdown context menu.

This view shows, more clearly than simple waveform view, that the recording has been made loud enough and fills the display nicely.

### Multi-view - Waveform and Spectrogram

It is also possible to work with a Waveform view and a Spectrogram view in the same track.

  Example of a mono audio track with a Multi-view split 50:50 Waveform/Spectrogram

To get a split Multi-view for a track select Multi-view from the track's Track Control Panel dropdown menu.

For details see Multi-view

## Track focus

You may have noticed in the images on this page that the tracks have a yellow border around them. This border indicates that this track has focus.

The track that has focus is the track that accepts any command whose name includes "focused track". These commands include commands such as "Close focused track" (Shift + C), "Mute/Unmute focused track" (Shift + U) and "Toggle focused track" (RETURN or Enter, which toggles whether the focused track is selected or not).

The complete list of "focused track" commands can be seen by searching for "focused track" (without quotes) in Keyboard Preferences or by viewing the description of these commands in Keyboard Shortcut Reference.

Track focus is used to select audio and to extend or move the selection region into other tracks using the keyboard.

| Note carefully that a track having focus does not necessarily mean that the current selection is in that track. It is quite possible to have a selection in one track and for another track to have the focus.

## Working with Audio Tracks

For more information on working with audio tracks, see:

- Audacity Tracks and Clips: More detailled information on clips, tracks, and their interactions.
- Selecting Audio: the special characteristics of audio selection and the tools Audacity provides to help you make exactly the selection you need
- Sync-Locked Track Groups: keeping a group of tracks synchronized
- Zooming: seeing what you need to see

## Links

> Track Control Panel and Vertical Scale

> Label Tracks

> Note Tracks (MIDI)