# Sample workflow for tape digitization

From Audacity Development Manual
This tutorial outlines a set of example steps using Audacity to digitize tapes (cassette tapes and reel-to-reel) to create files that are ready for CD creation, loading into a digital jukebox or portable music player. There is no fixed "right" way of working - there are many alternatives; like any recipe, it can be adapted to suit your personal needs.

This workflow does not at any stage necessitate the saving of an Audacity project (though you may wish to do that if you need to interrupt your work). Your final goal will be to export WAV files for CD creation or other file formats which might be more suitable for your needs.

While all of the processing in this tutorial is carried out using Audacity, some users may prefer to use alternative software for specific sub-tasks like noise removal and the removal of clicks and pops (Audacity's Click Removal may not give as good a result as other software).

For more details of the steps involved in this workflow please see the tutorial set Copying tapes, LPs or MiniDiscs to CD.

## Workflow

1. Audacity Settings
2. Check/adjust the azimuth settings
3. Clean the heads
4. Retension the tape
5. Recording levels
6. Capture
7. Raw master backup
8. Remove DC offset
9. Reduce tape hiss and high frequency noise
10. Place the song labels
11. Silence the inter-track gaps
12. Fade Ins/Outs
13. Adjust Label positions
14. Track names
15. Amplitude adjustment
16. Compression
17. Export a set of WAVs
18. Export labels
19. Backup
20. Alternative software

Making tape to digital transfers is a skill and the more you do the more expert you will become.

- Consider starting out with some tapes that you care less about, this way you will not need to go back and repeat important earlier transcriptions that you made.
- Start with a recording that you are very familiar with; your first goal will be to ensure that you have as perfect a digital copy of the material as possible.
- Clean-up steps are optional and need only be applied if your recording requires them.

### 1. Audacity settings

Work with Audacity set to a project rate of 44,100 Hz and 32-bit sample format (these are the default quality settings). You may use 16-bit if you prefer; it will give smaller working file sizes but you may lose a little quality in some of the processes. Export WAV files at 44,100 Hz 16-bit PCM stereo, the standard required for burning CDs; this will also produce WAVs which are accepted for import by Apple Music/iTunes (and most other music player software).

### 2. Check/adjust the azimuth settings

Azimuth is the angle of the magnetic gap in the tape head relative to the tape. This should always be 90 degrees, but in practice most cassette decks fail to maintain accurate head position, hence the azimuth of cassette recordings routinely varies. Pre-recorded tapes are much better, but not entirely immune to azimuth variation.

Misaligned azimuth routinely causes degradation of high frequencies and signal to noise ratio.

See this Wiki page for advice on how to adjust your azimuth setting.

You do not need to do this every time, but it is worth doing before you start your first tape transfer.

### 3. Clean the heads and pinch roller

Most deposited oxide goes onto the pinch roller. The more oxide there is on this roller, the less able it is to remove and hold loose oxide from the tape, and thus the more oxide gets deposited on the head.

A dirty pinch roller has less friction, and can occasionally result in tape slip, degrading playback quality. This is especially true for 8 track tapes, where tape slip is a real issue.

All types of tape deck that use a pinch roller should have the roller cleaned occasionally. Microcassettes and picocassettes do not use pinch rollers.

### 4. Retension the tape

Tape that has been stored unplayed for a long period of time can benefit from having its tension evened out prior to making the playback for recording capture.

To do this simply use the fast forward to advance the tape to the end and rewind to the beginning (but take care with this if you a working with a low-grade deck that has a poor, or no, braking system as this can cause the tape to come off the spool). If you have plenty of time you could instead just play the tape at normal speed and then play the second side before making the actual recording.

### 5. Recording levels

Read this page about making a test recording then make a test recording of portions of the tape (or even a whole side) so as to check the levels. It is important to avoid any clipping during the recording! Try to aim for a maximum peak of around \xe2\x80\x936 dB (or 0.5 if you have your meter set to linear rather than dB).

| Enlarging the Recording Meter Toolbar by clicking and dragging helps with this task; you should read this section about resizing the Meter Toolbars.

### 6. Capture

Record both sides into the project prior to doing the processing. You can either Stop the recording after the first side using the button or Transport > Stop and then use Transport > Record (or use Shift + R) to restart recording when you are ready. Alternatively you can pause by pressing the button (or use Transport > Pause) at the end of the first side and then press the button again once you are ready to record the second side.

After recording you may find it helpful to zoom out to display the entire recording in the Audacity window.

You may prefer to work with a single side of a tape at a time as that gives a smaller working set.

### 7. Raw master backup

Export a single WAV for this recording at 32-bit float (not 16-bit).

Retain this WAV file as a maximum quality "raw capture" file that you can import back into Audacity later to start over (if you damage the project while working on it).

### 8. Remove DC offset

DC offset can occur at the recording stage so that the recorded waveform is not centered on the horizontal line at 0.0 amplitude. If this is the case with your recordings, see the Normalize page for how to use Normalize to remove DC offset and how to check if your Windows sound device can perform this correction automatically.

### 9. Reduce tape hiss and high frequency noise

Whether you need to use Noise Reduction will depend on the quality of your tapes, your azimuth setting, the cleanliness of the tape heads and your Dolby settings.

Use the Noise Reduction effect's Get Noise Profile to obtain a noise sample from either the lead-in grooves immediately before the music starts, or from a lead-in between tracks. The length is not important but, typically, it will be less than a second; what is important is that you have a true representative sample of the noise without any audio signal at all (such as a very quiet fade lead in). Try amplifying the sample and audition it to ensure that no real audio signal is present. If it is OK, undo the amplify, then re-apply the Noise Removal effect with these recommended settings:

- Noise reduction - no more than 12 dB (9 dB is a good guideline)
- Sensitivity - 6.00
- Frequency smoothing (bands) - no more than 6 (3 or lower is a good setting for Music)

Noise reduction is always a compromise because, on the one hand, you can have all the music and a lot of noise and, on the other hand, no noise and only some of the music. Try different settings on the "Noise Reduction (dB)" slider until you get the best compromise.

Unless you are transcribing tapes that are recordings made from original LPs or 45s you are unlikely to need other noise reduction techniques, but if that is that case you my need to consider the following from the workflow on LP digitization:

- Reduce subsonic rumble and low frequency noise
- Remove clicks and pops

| Noise Reduction with cassette tapes: Cassettes are slightly different from other sources in that its not uncommon for the noise profile to change through the course of the tape, due to accumulation of dirt on the tape heads, either during play or during record, or both. To optimize the performance of Audacity's Noise Reduction it is best to use a noise sample near the beginning of the tape rather than the end. Using a sample late in the tape will sometimes cause poorer discrimination between noise and signal, as some of the higher frequency noise will be missing or reduced in amplitude.

### 10. Place the song labels

Mark the approximate label points - click in the waveform at the approximate point between the tracks on the album, press Ctrl + B then Enter. Do not forget to insert a label at the beginning for the first track. Alternatively you can mark a label point while recording (or on playback) using Ctrl + M (⌘ + . on Mac).

### 11. Silence the inter-track gaps

These are rarely truly silent so you may want to replace them with silence by selecting the gap and using Ctrl + L or the Silence Generator effect. Edit the inter-track gap as desired to around a maximum of 2 seconds; you may wish to use a shorter gap or even no gap at all for some recordings.

| By default CD burning software almost always adds a 2-second gap between tracks. Check for any options to turn this off, for "gapless burning" or "Disc-at-once (DAO)" that you can enable.

### 12. Fade Ins/Outs

You may wish to more cleanly fade-in and fade-out the song beginnings and endings by using Effect > Fade In and Effect > Fade Out. Normally fade outs should be longer (typically a few seconds), and fade ins, if required, quite short (typically a fraction of a second).

Consider using Effect > Studio Fade Out instead of the linear Fade Out. It applies a more musical fade out to the selected audio, giving a more pleasing (more "professional studio") sounding result.

You may also get a more musical fade-in by applying Effect > Fade In multiple times to the selected audio, three times is a good guideline. This will produce a shaped, curved, fade rather than a linear one.

Although no keyboard shortcuts for effects are provided by default in Audacity it is possible to set up your own shortcuts for any effects you choose. You may find it particularly beneficial to assign shortcuts for Fade In and Fade Out (or Studio Fade Out) as these will used repeatedly for tape digitization.

For instructions on how to do this please see the Keyboard Preferences page in the manual.

### 13. Adjust label positions

If you are using a 2-second gap, adjust the label position as desired to be 0.5 seconds before the start of the next track. To move the label, drag it by its center circle.

### 14. Track names

Edit the labels for the song names - we suggest using "01 First Song Name", "02 Second Song Name", and so on as this helps keep them in the right order for CD production or loading into Apple Music/iTunes. You may find that changing the zoom level will help you with this task; you can advance to the next label by ensuring that the focus is in the current label then using TAB.

If you wish you may instead automatically prefix named tracks with a sequential two-digit number.
To do this, in the "Name files" section of the Export Multiple dialog select the Numbering before Label/Track Name radio button.

| ### Advanced labeling techniques You may wish to label each track with its full text while you are recording. To do so, use Ctrl + M ( ⌘ + . on Mac ) to mark each track end as the recording progresses. This saves time in the processing (which can be important when you have a lot of tapes). You do have to be very careful to make sure that focus remains on the label as otherwise you will get the unexpected halt to the recording when you type "space-bar" in what you think is a label. Also ensure that you do not click in the Timeline as that will also stop the recording and instead play from the clicked position. If the tape has track timings listed you can enhance this step of the process by setting up an empty project with the labels placed at the listed track boundary timings and a further label slightly beyond the end at the end - then zoom the project to fit (use Ctrl + F) and then start recording. The text of each label can be typed, once again with great care, while you are making the recording.

### 15. Amplitude adjustment

Normalize the amplitude of the recording, either do each track of the recording individually (especially if the tracks will be randomly played from a library containing many different styles of music) or, do the whole recording at once (which will work fine if all the tracks have the same average volume).

Use Effect > Normalize as the last editing step, setting "Normalize maximum amplitude to" to around -2 dB or similar, to give some headroom below the distortion level. The Normalize effect can be set to either:

- Adjust the amplitude of both stereo channels by the same amount (thus preserving the original stereo balance), or
- Adjust each stereo channel independently (this can be useful if your equipment is not balanced).

| Opinions vary: some users prefer to leave as much as 3dB headroom, while others prefer to maximize the signal level to 0 dB.

### 16. Compression

The Compressor effect reduces the dynamic range of audio. One of the main purposes of reducing dynamic range is to permit the audio to be amplified further (without clipping) than would be otherwise possible.

Compressor makes the loud parts quieter and (optionally) the quiet parts louder. It can be very useful for listening to classical music in a car. Such music normally has a wide dynamic range and can thus be difficult to listen to in a car without constant volume re-adjustment.

### 17. Export a set of WAVs

Use File > Export > Export Multiple... to produce a set of WAVs for each track on the LP at 44,100 Hz 16-bit PCM stereo. Audacity will down-sample on export from 32-bit to 16-bit. Shaped dither noise will be applied by default to cover any defects (clicky noise) that may result from the conversion from 32-bit to 16-bit. Advanced users can change the type of dither, or turn it off, in Quality Preferences.

In order to facilitate later retrieval and use, place all the files for a particular album in a specifically named folder for that album.

### 18. Export Labels

Some users advise a final step of exporting a file containing the labels. Use File > Export > Export Labels... This produces a text file that you can later re-import using File > Import > Labels... should you wish to re-edit from the raw capture file that you backed up earlier in the workflow.

### 19. Backup

Backup your exported WAV or MP3 files - you do not want to lose all that valuable work and have to do it all over again, do you? Computer hard drives can fail, destroying all data.

Ideally use a dedicated drive (1+ TB external magnetic drives are convenient and economical), or upload to an online (cloud) storage service to store the WAVs or MP3s. Better still is to make two copies on different external devices and even better is to hold an online backup as well as the local copies.

You may want to create a taxonomic file structure - for example each album can be stored in its own folder (named for the album) within a folder named for the artist (or, perhaps, composer for classical music) to make searching and retrieval easier.

## Alternative software

### Hiss and noise removal

- DeNoise: This is a (paid for, but with a free-trial period) third-party tool effective at removing noise and hiss. Some new users may find it intimidating as an entry level tool. Users report that settings normally have to be reset for each recording to optimize the noise removal thus making it difficult to use in a semi-automated way.

### Compression

Please see Chris's Dynamic Compressor for a popular alternative compressor which may be downloaded for free. It works by trying to even out abrupt changes of volume by employing "lookahead" (this attempts to anticipate volume changes by starting to apply compression before the volume rises to the threshold level). It has options to soften the softer audio and invert loudness.

### Linux only application for removing noise, particularly for tape and vinyl

- Gnome Wave Cleaner: Only for Linux users. Digital restoration of CD-quality audio files. Dehiss, declick and decrackle in a GUI environment. It can also automatically mark song boundaries if required.

## Links

|< Tutorial - Copying tapes, LPs or MiniDiscs to CD

> See also Recording from Cassette - article in the Audacity Wiki